Cytokines and Immune System

Cytokines are proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells functioning as intracerebral mediators that may play an important role in immune and sleep regulation1 . Several cytokines (e.g., interleukin or IL, interferon alpha or IF-α and tumour necrosis factor or TNF) have been shown to promote sleep. There are however, other sleep-promoting substances called sleep factors which increase in concentration during prolonged wakefulness or during infection and enhancing sleep. These factors include delta sleep inducing peptides, muramyl peptides, cholecystokinin, arginine vasotocin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, prostaglandin D2 , and adenosine. There is evidence that cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in a variety of sleep disorders and in sleep deprivation. Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) have been noted during sleep deprivation causing excessive sleepiness. Viral or bacterial infections causing EDS and increased NREM sleep are associated with increased production of TNF-α and IL-B). Increased sleepiness and disturbed sleep in other inflammatory disorders such as HIV infection and rheumatoid arthritis are associated with increased amounts of circulating TNF-α.Several authors suggested that excessive sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, narcolepsy, insomnia or idiopathic hypersomnia may be mediated by cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α 4 .

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42389723_Overview_of_sleep_sleep_disorders





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