Medicinal herbs playing significant role in Alzheimer's Disease

 

Scientific Name	Sanskrit Name	Active compound	Country	year	Sample	Mechanism of Action	Inference of the study	Reference
Withania Somnifera	Ashwagandha	Withaferine, 2.β sitosterol, withaferin A, stigmasterol, withanolide A, and withanolide D	India, 2.NR	1995, 2.2020	Rats, 2.NR	1.Choline acetyl transferase and Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding were reversed 2. The active ingredients targets  pathways such as PI3K/Akt signaling, neurotrophin signaling and toll-like receptor signaling and proteins such as Tropomyosin receptor Kinase B (TrkB), Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β), Toll-Like Receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), and β-secretase (BACE-1).	1.Effective 2. Effective	1.Bhattacharya et.al.1995 2. Hannah et. al. 2020
Curcuma Longa	Haridra	Curcumin	NR	2017	Animal Models	Reverses neurotoxic and behavioral demage	Effective	Costa et. al. 2017
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Bacoside, Bacopasise, Bacopasaponin, brahmine, monnierin,herpestine etc.	Malaysia	2019		Prevents oxidative damage, prevent Aβ aggregation and fibril formation.	Effective	Syamima A, Vijayabalan S, Madhavan P, Chia Y, Arya A, Wong E, Rizwan F, Bindal U, Koshy S, Bacopa monnieri, a Neuroprotective Lead in Alzheimer Disease: A Review on Its Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Preclinical and Clinical Studies, Sage Volume 13.
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Bacoside, Bacopasise, Bacopasaponin, brahmine, monnierin,herpestine etc.	India	2011	39	Improves the cognitive functions in geriatric patients	Effective	Goswami S, Saoji A, Kumar N, Thawani V, Tiwari M, Thawani M, Effect of Bacopa Monnieri on cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease patient, International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health (IJCRIMPH), ISSN 1840-4529 | Journal Type: Open Access | Volume 3 Number 4
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Bacoside, Bacopasise, Bacopasaponin, brahmine, monnierin,herpestine etc.	Italy	2014	102	Improvement in cognitive functions.	Effective	Zanotta D, puricelli S, Bonoldi G, Cognitive effect of dietary supplement made from extract of Bacopa monnieri, astaxanthin,phosphatidylserine and vitamin E in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a noncomparative, exploratory clinical study Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014; 10: 225–230. Published online 2014 Feb 3. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S51092.

Withanai Somnifera

Aswagandha

Withaferine, 2.β sitosterol, withaferin A, stigmasterol, withanolide A, and withanolide D

India

2017

Wistar Rats

Improvement in the cognitive skill by inhibiting amyloid β-42 and attenuated the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, MCP-1, Nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and both β- and γ- secretase enzymatic activity.

Effective

Pandey A, bani S, Dutta P, Satti K N, Suri A,Qazi G, Multifunctional neuroprotective effect of Withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction, Elsevier, Volume 102, February 2018, Pages 211-221

Scientific Name	Sanskrit Name	Active compound	Country	Year	Sample size	Mechanism of Action	Inference of the study	Reference
Withania somnifera	Aswagandha	Withaferine A, Sitoindosides VII-X	India	2008	NR	Withanoloids isolated from the W. somnifera are known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinesterase in a dosedependent manner. The cholinesterase inhibitory potential along with calcium antagonistic ability has made W. somnifera possible drug candidate to treat Alzheimer's disease and associated problems. Sitoindosides VII–X, and withaferin-A, isolated from aqueous methanol extract from the roots of cultivated varieties of W. somnifera is used in Indian medicine to attenuate cerebral functional deficits, including amnesia, in geriatric patients. The effect of these active constituents of W. somnifera was also investigated for putative nootropic activity in a experimentally validated Alzheimer's disease model.	In many studies it has been seen that Withania somnifera has been able to reduce the oxidative stress and attenuate cerebral functions.	Kulkarni S.K, Dhir A, Withania somnifera- An Indian ginseng, Elsevier, 2008
Withania somnifera	Aswagandha	Withaferine A, Sitoindosides VII-X	Buangkok,Singapore	2019		I.With regard to its therapeutic mechanisms, neurinflammation and immune dysfunction are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neuropsychiatric illness, and extract containing Withania somnifera have been shown to strongly inhibit cyclo-oxygenase-2- enzyme, reduce the levels of serum acute-phase reactants, and suppress ∞2-macroglobulin, thereby attenuating systemic inflammation.	improved cognitive task, executive function,attention and reaction time	Xiang Q, Loke W, Xinhui N, Tan W, Chan H, Lim D, Yeo W, A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction, Willey 2019
Withania somnifera	Aswagandha	Withanolide	Egypt	2017		Withanolide A, withaferin-A, 2,3-dihydrowithaferin-A, withanoside IV and VI that were isolated from Withania root extract showed inhibitory eوٴect towards AChE enzyme, and attenuated neuronal dysfunction by decreasing β-amyloid protein formation. Withanolide A, has neuritic regeneration properties and facilitated the reconstruction of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, when neuron damage had already progressed	All together the present study shows that the ethanolic extracts of the different parts of Egyptian Withania somnifera exhibited high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect as well as significant antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities.	Mahrous R, Ghareeb D, Fathy H, Khair R, Omar A, The protective effect of Egyptian Withania somnifera against Alzheimer’s, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2017.
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Brahmine, nicotinine, herpestine, bacosides A and B, saponins A, B and C, triterpenoid saponins, stigmastanol, β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, D-mannitol, stigmasterol, α-alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine and pseudojujubogenin glycoside.	India	2017	NR	It promotes free radical scavenger mechanism and protects cells in pre-frontal,hippocampus and striatum against cytotoxicity.	It reduces hippocampal β amyloid deposition and stress induced hippocampal damage. It also improved the total memory score and maximum improvement was seen in logical memory and paired associate learning in humans and reversed phenytoin induced memory impairment in experimental model.	K.S. Chaudhari, N.R. Tiwari, R.R. Tiwari, R.S. Sharma, Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer’s Disease. Karger, 2017.
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Brahmine, nicotinine, herpestine, bacosides A and B, saponins A, B and C, triterpenoid saponins, stigmastanol, β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, D-mannitol, stigmasterol, α-alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine and pseudojujubogenin glycoside.	India	2022	NR	Enhancement of neurotransmission, potentiation of synaptic activity, and repair of damaged neurons by upregulating neuronal synthesis and kinase activity.	There was no difference between B. monnieri and the placebo or donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer disease based on very low certainty evidence.	Basheer A, Agarwal A, Mishra B, Gupta A, Padma M,Kiribakaran R, Vishnu V,Use of Bacopa monnieri in the treatment of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease : Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, JMIR publications, 2022.
Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi	Brahmine, nicotinine, herpestine, bacosides A and B, saponins A, B and C, triterpenoid saponins, stigmastanol, β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, D-mannitol, stigmasterol, α-alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine and pseudojujubogenin glycoside.	Australia	2012	NR	NR	Bacopa improved performance on 9 of 17 tests in the domain of memory free recall. There was little evidence of enhancement in any other cognitive domains	Pase M, Kean J, SarriasJ, Scholey A, Stough C, The cognitive enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: A systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials, The journal of alternative and complementary medicines, 2012.
Ginkgo biloba		Important constituents present in the medicinally used leaves are the terpene trilactones, i.e., ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilobalide, many flavonol glycosides, biflavones, proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols, simple phenolic acids, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, 4-O-methylpyridoxine and polyprenols	Tehran, Iran	2006	216		In some studies it has been demontrated that it activates the cholinergic activity, in another study it has been found that it prevents β amyloid toxicity of the brain cell, there is development in the cognitive functions.	Akhondzadeh S, Abbasi S, herbal medicines in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, American Journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other Dementias, volume 21, Number 2, March/April 2006.
Melisa officinalis		Flavonoids (quercitrin, rhamnocitrin, luteolin),Polyphenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid), monoterpenoid aldehyde, monoterpene glycosides, triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids), sesquiterpenes, tannins, and essential oils (citral).	Tehran, Iran	2006	42 patients	NR	M.officinalisextractexperiencedsignificantimprovementsincogni-tionafter16weeksoftreatment.ImprovementswereseenonboththeADAS-cogandCDR-SBscores.Thechangesattheend-pointcomparedtobaseline(mean[SD])were-1.92(1.48)and1.03(0.54)forMelissaextractandplacebo,respectively,ontheCDR-SBscores	Akhondzadeh S, Abbasi S, herbal medicines in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, American Journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other Dementias, volume 21, Number 2, March/April 2006.
Salvia officinalis		camphor (33.61%), 1,8-cineole (22.22%) and α-thujone (21.43%).	Tehran, Iran	2006	NR	NR	ImprovementsseeninboththeADAS-cogandCDR-SBmeasuresintheS.officinalisextractgrouponbothobservedcaseandintention-to-treatanalyses.	Akhondzadeh S, Abbasi S, herbal medicines in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, American Journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other Dementias, volume 21, Number 2, March/April 2006.
Serrate clubmoss		Huperzine A.	China	2010	NR	NR	Improvement of general cognitive function, global clinical status, behavioral disturbance and functional performance, with no obvious serious adverse events for patients with AD.	Tin J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Herbal therapy: a new pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.